SIX MONTHS INDUSTRIAL TRAINING REPORT

ON

“Implementation of GSM Network”

FOR

THE PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF ACCOMPLISHMENT OF BACHELOR’S DEGREE IN

ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING.

RAM DEVI JINDAL COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

AND TECHNOLOGY LALRU

SUBMITTED TO:-

Er. Ravinder Ahuja SUBMITTED BY:-

Electronics & Communication Dalwinder Kaur

Roll No- 1187869

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First of all I would like to thank almighty GOD who has given this wonderful gift of life to us. He is the one who is guiding us in right direction to follow noble path of humanity. In my six months industrial training it is a wonderful experience to be a part of ALCATEL LUCENT where I have opportunity to work under brilliant minds. I owe my deep regards for the supporting and kind staff authorities who are helping me in my lean patches during these six months. The knowledge I am gaining throughout my studies have the practical implementation during this period. First of all I am thankful to Mr.HARJEET MAKKAR( Incharge alcatel lucent,mohali) for giving me opportunity to get training under his supervision.I am grateful to all the staff of ALCATEL LUCENT and for their timely support and sharing of their experience with me. I would like to express my heartiest concern for Mr.MANIK BHARDWAJ, Mr.ABHISHEK JAIN, Mr.GURPREET SINGH for their able guidance and for their inspiring attitude, praiseworthy attitude and honest support. Not to forget the pain staking efforts of our college training and placement cell and specially my training and placement officer . Last but not the least I would express my utmost regards for the electronics and communication department of our Institute.

DALWINDER KAUR

CONTENTS

v INTRODUCTION TO GSM

v FEATURES OF GSM

v TECHNICAL DETAILS

v GSM FREQUENCIES

v TRAINING DEPARTMENT

v WORK DONE DURING TRAINING

v RF & LOS SURVEY.

v MICROWAVE I&C.

v EMF TESTING.

v MAKING LINK BUDGET FOR MICROWAVE.

v MW TRANSMISSION.

v MAKING TSSR(TECHNICAL SITE SURVEY

v REPORTS) UNDER RF SURVEY.

v FUTURE SCOPE

ABSTRACT

Technology has rapidly grown in past two-three decades. An engineer without practical knowledge and skills cannot survive in this technical era. Theoretical knowledge does matter but it is the practical knowledge that is the difference between the best and the better. Organizations also prefer experienced engineers than fresher ones due to practical knowledge and industrial exposure of the former. So it can be said the industrial exposure has to be very much mandatory for engineers now a days. The practical training is highly conductive for solid foundation for:-

1. Solid foundation of knowledge and personality

2. Exposure to industrial environment.

3. Confidence building.

4. Enhancement of creativity.

I have done my training at reliance Communications Ltd., pioneers in mobile communication in India and providing services in Punjab . I have to be concentrating on the Planning of new sites and the activities

The Global System for Mobile communications (GSM) is a digital cellular communications system initially developed in an European context which has rapidly gained acceptance and market share worldwide. It was designed to be compatible with ISDN systems and the services provided by GSM are a subset of the standard ISDN services (speech is the most basic).

The functional architecture of a GSM system can be divided into the Mobile Station (MS), the Base Station (BS), and the Network Subsystem (NS). The MS is carried by the subscriber, the BS subsystem controls the radio link with the MS and the NS performs the switching of calls between the mobile and other fixed or mobile network users as well as mobility management. The MS and the BS subsystem communicate across the Um interface also known as radio link

1.2. Features of GSM

GSM (Global System for Mobile communications: originally from Groupe Spécial Mobile) is the most popular standard for mobile phones in the world. Its promoter, the GSM Association, estimates that 80% of the global mobile market uses the standard. GSM is used by over 3 billion people across more than 212 countries and territories. Its ubiquity makes international roaming very common between mobile phone operators, enabling subscribers to use their phones in many parts of the world. GSM differs from its predecessors in that both signaling and speech channels are digital, and thus is considered a second generation (2G) mobile phone system. This has also meant that data communication was easy to build into the system.

The ubiquity of the GSM standard has been an advantage to both consumers (who benefit from the ability to roam and switch carriers without switching phones) and also to network operators (who can choose equipment from any of the many vendors implementing GSM. GSM also pioneered a low-cost (to the network carrier) alternative to voice calls, the Short message service (SMS, also called "text messaging"), which is now supported on other mobile standards as well. Another advantage is that the standard includes one worldwide Emergency telephone number, 112. This makes it easier for international travellers to connect to emergency services without knowing the local emergency number.

Newer versions of the standard were backward-compatible with the original GSM phones. For example, Release '97 of the standard added packet data capabilities, by means of General Packet Radio Service (GPRS). Release '99 introduced higher speed data transmission using

1.3. Technical Details

GSM is a cellular network, which means that mobile phones connect to it by searching for cells in the immediate vicinity. There are five different cell sizes in a GSM network—macro, micro, pico, femto and umbrella cells. The coverage area of each cell varies according to the implementation environment. Macro cells can be regarded as cells where the base station antenna is installed on a mast or a building above average roof top level. Micro cells are cells whose antenna height is under average roof top level; they are typically used in urban areas. Picocells are small cells whose coverage diameter is a few dozen meters; they are mainly used indoors. Femtocells are cells designed for use in residential or small business environments and connect to the service provider’s network via a broadband internet connection. Umbrella cells are used to cover shadowed regions of smaller cells and fill in gaps in coverage between those cells.

Cell horizontal radius varies depending on antenna height, antenna gain and propagation conditions from a couple of hundred meters to several tens of kilometres. The longest distance the GSM specification supports in practical use is 35kilometres (22mi). There are also several implementations of the concept of an extended cell, where the cell radius could be double or even more, depending on the antenna system, the type of terrain and the timing advance.

Indoor coverage is also supported by GSM and may be achieved by using an indoor picocell base station, or an indoor repeater with distributed indoor antennas fed through power splitters, to deliver the radio signals from an antenna outdoors to the separate indoor distributed antenna system. These are typically deployed when a lot of call capacity is needed indoors, for example in shopping centers or airports. However, this is not a prerequisite, since indoor coverage is also provided by in-building penetration of the radio signals from nearby cell.

The modulation used in GSM is Gaussian minimum-shift keying (GMSK), a kind of continuous-phase frequency shift keying. In GMSK, the signal to be modulated onto the carrier is first smoothed with a Gaussian low-pass filter prior to being fed to a frequency modulator, which greatly reduces the interference to neighboring channels (adjacent channel interference).

GSM networks operate in a number of different frequency ranges (separated into GSM frequency ranges for 2G and UMTS frequency bands for 3G). Most 2G GSM networks operate in the 900 MHz or 1800 MHz bands. Some countries in the Americas (including Canada and the United States) use the 850 MHz and 1900 MHz bands because the 900 and 1800 MHz frequency bands were already allocated. Most 3G GSM networks in Europe operate in the 2100 MHz frequency band.

The rarer 400 and 450 MHz frequency bands are assigned in some countries where these frequencies were previously used for first-generation systems.

GSM-900 uses 890–915 MHz to send information from the mobile station to the base station (uplink) and 935–960 MHz for the other direction (downlink), providing 124 RF channels (channel numbers 1 to 124) spaced at 200 kHz. Duplex spacing of 45 MHz is used.

In some countries the GSM-900 band has been extended to cover a larger frequency range. This 'extended GSM', E-GSM, uses 880–915 MHz (uplink) and 925–960 MHz (downlink), adding 50 channels (channel numbers 975 to 1023 and 0) to the original GSM-900 band.