TRAINING PROJECT REPORT

ON

TESTING AND INTALLATION OF BIOMEDICAL INSTRUMENTS

FOR

THE PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF ACCOMPLISHMENT OF BACHELOR’S DEGREE IN

ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING.

SUBMITTED BY SUBMITTED TO

AAQEEB (1187866) Er. RAVINDER AHUJA

HARPREET SINGH(1187871) ECE (Deptt.)

RAM DEVI JINDAL COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNLOGY

LALRU CHANDIGARH

Preface

The verdict is in Biomedical engineering is one of the best field in the US and India job market. It is the fastest growing occupation in the economy. The number of biomedical engineering is expect to grow by a stunning 72%

Some in the field attributes the boom to the changing nature of healthcare with advances in technology and the increasing use of sophiscated medical equipment . The stability of the medical device industry in this poor economy has helped to make such jobs attractive

Biomedical engineers as professionals who develop devices and they need to check into the hospitals in order to repair maintain and install the Biomedical equipments

CONTENTS

Contents Page no

X-ray 1-2

· Properties 3-7

· X-ray Tube 8-11

· X-ray effect 12-14

· X-ray device-open diffraction 15-20

· Production of x-ray 21

· Operation/Working of x-ray 22-23

ECG 24

· Electrocardiography 25-27

· Function 28-29

· ECG graph paper 29-31

· Placement of electrodes 31-34

· Limb leads 34-36

· Wave and intervals 37-42

· Pulse Oxymetry 43-44

· History 45-47

· Function 48-49

· Advantages 49-50

· Limitations 50-51

X-ray Machine

X RAYS

X-radiation(composed ofX-rays) is a form ofelectromagnetic radiation Most X-rays have awavelengthin the range of 0.01 to 10nanometers, corresponding tofrequenciesin the range 30petahertzto 30exhorts(3×1016Hz to 3×1019Hz) and energies in the range 100eVto 100keV. However, much higher-energy X-rays can be generated for medical and industrial uses, for exampleradiotherapy, which utilizes linear accelerators to generate X-rays in the ranges of 6–20. X-ray wavelengths are shorter than those ofUVrays and typically longer than those ofgamma rays. In many languages, X-radiation is referred to with terms meaningRöntgen radiation, afterWilhelm Röntgen, who is usually credited as its discoverer, and who had named itX-radiationto signify an unknown type of radiation.Spelling ofX-ray(s)in the English language includes the variantsx-ray(s),x-ray(s)andX ray(s).

X-rays with photon energies above 5–10 keV (below 0.2–0.1nm wavelength) are calledhard X-rays, while those with lower energy are calledsoft X-rays.[4]Due to their penetrating ability hard X-rays are widely used to image the inside of objects, e.g. inmedical radiographyandairport security. As a result, the termX-rayismetonymicallyused to refer to aradiographicimage produced using this method, in addition to the method itself. Since the wavelengths of hard X-rays are similar to the size of atoms they are also useful for determining crystal structures byX-ray crystallography. By contrast, soft X-rays are easily absorbed in air and theattenuation lengthof 600 eV (~2nm) X-rays in water is less than 1 micrometer.

There is no universal consensus for a definition distinguishing between X-rays and gamma rays. One common practice is to distinguish between the two types of radiation based on their source: X-rays are emitted byelectrons, while gamma rays are emitted by theatomic nucleusThis definition has several problems; other processes also can generate these high energy photons, or sometimes the method of generation is not known. One common alternative is to distinguish X- and gamma radiation on the basis of wavelength (or equivalently, freque